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Judgment · jid 4211 · pdb #210

Michael Jefferson v R

[2019] CICA (Crim) 27 · Crim App 0027/2017 · 2019-02-05

Offences under the Firearms Act; Application for costs in criminal appeal; Interpretation of Court of Appeal Law s.18(1); Interaction with Judicature Law; Bill of Rights compatibility; No power to award costs in criminal appeals

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Neutral Citation [2019] CICA (Crim) 27
Cause Number Crim App 0027/2017
Court CICA (Crim)
Judge Field JA, Goldring P, Morrison JA
Parties Michael Jefferson v R
Judgment Date 2019-02-05
Subject Offences under the Firearms Act; Application for costs in criminal appeal; Interpretation of Court of Appeal Law s.18(1); Interaction with Judicature Law; Bill of Rights compatibility; No power to award costs in criminal appeals
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In the Court of Appeal of the Cayman Islands — Criminal Division
[2019] CICA (Crim) 27
Cause No. Crim App 0027/2017
Between
Michael Jefferson
- v -
R
Before
Field JA, Goldring P, Morrison JA
Judgment delivered 2019-02-05

```html IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE CAYMAN ISLANDS Criminal Appeal 27 of 2017 IND 0053/2016 SC302469/2016 MICHAEL FERNANDO JEFFERSON Appellant -and- HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN Respondent BEFORE： The Rt. Hon Sir John Goldring President The Hon Sir Richard Field， JA The Hon Dennis Morrison， JA Written Submissions in relation to the question of costs were received from Mr. Philip Rule of Samson Law Associates for the Appellant and Mrs. Nicole Tyson-Petit for the Crown. Ruling Delivered： 5 February 2019 RULING ON COSTS

In a decision given on 29 August 2018， we allowed the appellant's appeal against two convictions in the Grand Court for offences under the Firearms Act. Pursuant to the provisions of section 9(2) of the Court of Appeal Law (2011 Revision)， we quashed the convictions， but ordered that， in the interests of justice， the appellant should be tried again at the earliest convenient date.1 When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant 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indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant 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indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant indicavis When twere made， ant 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Criminal Appeal 27 of 2017 – Jefferson v The Queen – Ruling on Costs #### Page 2 of 4

The application was explicitly based on the provisions of section 24(3) and (5) of the Judicature Law (2017 Revision), which provides that: - **24 (3) The court shall have full power to determine by whom and to what extent the costs are to be paid.** - **(5) Costs, including wasted costs, may be awarded to or against the Crown.**

Mr Rule submitted that, on this basis, costs should follow the event in the usual way in this case. An order for costs in the appellant’s favour is in the interests of justice and fairness and consistent with the presumption of innocence. Such an order would also be consistent with the principle of equal footing for the parties by ensuring equality of access to legal representation, as envisaged by Article 7 of the Bill of Rights².

For the Crown, Mrs Tyson-Petit’s response³ was direct: firstly, section 24(3) and (5) of the Judicature Law covers civil proceedings in the Court of Appeal; and secondly, the relevant provision in relation to criminal appeals is section 18(1) of the Court of Appeal Law, which provides that: - **“On the hearing and determination of an appeal, or any proceeding preliminary or incidental thereto under Part III, no costs shall be allowed on either side.”**

On the strength of this provision, Mrs Tyson-Petit submitted that the application for costs should be dismissed.

Perhaps the force of Mr Rule’s submission was directed to Article 25, which obliges the court to interpret legislation which is “unclear or ambiguous” in a manner that is consistent with the rights --- **Footnotes:** ² Schedule 2 Part One of the Constitution of the Cayman Islands, SI 2009/1379 ³ Crown’s submissions filed on 10 September 2018 ⁴ Appellant’s Reply Submissions filed on 14 September 2018
Criminal Appeal 27 of 2017 – Jefferson v The Queen – Ruling on Costs #### Page 2 enshrined in the Bill of Rights. In the alternative, it was submitted 5 that section 18(1) of the Court of Appeal Law should be read in such a way as to include a power to order costs “in cases where not to make such an award prejudices the fair trial rights of an appellant who faces retrial for example”. In the further alternative, the court should have regard to English practice, pursuant to section 36, which permits recourse to English rules where no other provision is made. And, in the yet further alternative, the court should declare the provision in section 18(1) unconstitutional on the basis of Article 23 of the Bill of Rights, which allows the court to make declarations of incompatibility in cases in which primary legislation is found to be incompatible with the Bill of Rights.

Notwithstanding Mr Rule’s energetic efforts, we are quite satisfied that Mrs Tyson-Petit’s submissions are to be preferred. In the first place, it is clear from section 24(1) of the Judicature Law that the power to award costs given to the Court of Appeal by section 24(3) is intended to apply to civil proceedings only. Section 24(1) provides that— “Subject to the provisions of this or any other Law and to rules of court, the costs of and incidental to all civil proceedings in— (a) the Court of Appeal; and (b) the Grand Court, shall be in the discretion of the relevant court.” (Emphasis ours)

On this basis alone, it is therefore clear that the stated basis of the appellant’s application for an order for costs falls away completely.

But further, the criminal appellate jurisdiction of this court is contained in Part III of the Coal Law. Ts brought a appeal 1 of under question, as us section 18 provision 18 “[o]n the hearing and determination of an appeal, or any proceeding preliminary or incidental thereto under Part III, no costs shall be allowed on either side”. 5 At para 9

In our view, in the light of this completely unambiguous provision, no question arises of interpreting it in such a manner as to revise or defeat the clear intention of the legislature in this regard. Nor, for the same reason, is there any basis for invoking section 36 of the Court of Appeal Law, which only permits recourse to the law and practice of Jamaica or England in cases in which “no special provision is contained in this or any other law, or rules of court”.

And finally, as regards the submission based on the supposed incompatibility of section 18(1) with the fair trial guarantees set out in the Bill of Rights, we would be loth to embark on such an enquiry without full argument, involving all relevant parties (such as the Attorney General) on all aspects of the matter. We would only add that, in any event, Article 23 of the Bill of Rights makes it clear that (i) “[a] declaration of incompatibility made under subsection (1) shall not … not affect the continuation in force and operation of the legislation or section or sections in question”\footnote{Article 23(2)}; and (ii) [i]n the event of a declaration of incompatibility made under subsection (1), the Legislature shall decide how to remedy the incompatibility\footnote{Article 23(3)}. In other words, even this court were to make a declaration of incompatibility, the prohibition in section 18(1) of the Court of Appeal Law against making an order for costs on the determination of a criminal appeal would remain in force unless and until otherwise dealt with by the Legislature.

For these reasons, we consider that the appellant’s application for the costs of the appeal must be refused, on the basis that this court has no power to make such an order in these proceedings. \begin{center} \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{court_seal.png} \end{center} \textbf{Criminal Appeal 27 of 2017 – Jefferson v The Queen – Ruling on Costs} Page 4 of 4

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